| Solar panel | Solar array act as components that change sunlight into using photovoltaic cells. They are an green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a system that captures sunlight to generate heat, typically used for water heating or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating, space heating, or power generation. It is a renewable and eco-friendly technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural heritage, notable attractions, and vibrant urban areas like the capital. It boasts a diverse landscape of undulating terrain, old castles, and lively city hubs that blend tradition with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the organic light emitted by the star, vital for living organisms on Earth as it supplies energy for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a kind of energy generated by the movement of charged particles, primarily electrons. It drives countless systems and infrastructures, facilitating today’s lifestyle and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a opposite electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction movement of electric charge, usually produced by cell packs, power sources, and solar panels. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a device that holds chemical energy and transforms it into current to operate various electronic gadgets. It comprises one or more galvanic cells, each containing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts solar radiation immediately into power using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an eco-friendly energy solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a unit that converts DC created by solar panels into AC fit for domestic use and utility connection. It plays a crucial role in enhancing energy performance and ensuring safe, dependable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that reverses direction cyclically, usually used in domestic and business power supplies. It allows for optimal transmission of electricity over long distances and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that manages the voltage and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It provides efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a instrument used to measure the extent, quantity, or degree of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, thermometers, and manometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement throughout the day, enhancing energy absorption. This technology improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge facilities that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They offer a green and eco-friendly energy power, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves placing photovoltaic solar panels on roofs of buildings to create electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps minimize reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-tied solar energy setup transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that gather solar radiation and generate power. This electricity is then beamed to the planet's surface for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions store excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the grid for future use, improving energy independence and efficiency. These installations generally use batteries to provide backup energy, reduce energy expenses, and aid grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar panels chronicles the development and advancements in solar energy technology from the early invention of the photovoltaic effect to current high-performance solar panels. It highlights key innovations, including the development of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and ongoing developments that have greatly enhanced energy transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist famous for his pioneering work in the study of the solar effect and luminescence. His research laid the foundation for understanding how illumination interacts with specific media to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a UK electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work formed the basis for the development of the photoconductive cell and advancements in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source platform used for automated testing of web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an American inventor who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the foundation for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-powered power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern solar energy technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous research and development organization traditionally associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials research. It has been the source of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and number 14, widely known for its crucial role in the production of electronic devices and solar cells. It is a solid, brittle crystal substance with a bluish-gray sheen, primarily used as a semi-conductor in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a small unit installed on each solar module to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method increases system efficiency, enables improved system tracking, and boosts power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a component that transforms sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to provide a sustainable and renewable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that offers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon serves as a elementary particle representing a quantum of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism by which particular compounds convert sunlight directly into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This event is the basic concept behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the harnessing of solar energy for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the base for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where microchips are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic systems due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its regular, systematic crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the weight of structural elements and stationary equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as users, furnishings, and environmental factors. Both are critical considerations in structural design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components sequentially, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits join components between the identical voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy is the rate at which electrical energy flows by an electrical circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Produced through various sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear, and green energy, and fundamental for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a unit of power in the International System of Units, showing the speed of energy movement or transformation. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic potential difference between two points, which pushes the flow of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in V and represents the work per individual charge available to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of voltage, potential difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per charge unit between two points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electrical charge through a metal wire, commonly measured in A. It is necessary for energizing electronic equipment and facilitating the functioning of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp represents the standard of electrical current in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It indicates the movement of electrical charge through a wire over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the amount of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the design and capacity of power systems to ensure secure and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical enclosure used to safely house wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a safe and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a simple and uniform method of supplying electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is often used for powering and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a unit that converts direct current (DC) from supplies like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic gadgets. It enables the application of common electrical appliances in environments where only direct current electricity is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is a collection of multiple individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically regulate the angle of solar modules to monitor the sun’s path throughout the day, enhancing power intake. This system improves the performance of photovoltaic energy harvesting by keeping optimal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to optimize the energy production of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the performance point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar cells. This methodology guarantees the best performance power harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by individually tailored optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a device that observes and evaluates the efficiency of photovoltaic panel systems in instantaneous, delivering important data on energy generation and system health. It assists optimize solar power output by identifying problems early and securing highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are flexible, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sun rays directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a renewable energy source. They are typically used in solar arrays to supply energy to homes, devices, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of many tiny silicon crystals, typically used in photovoltaic panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its production involves liquefying and restructuring silicon to create a pure, polycrystalline structure appropriate for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a ultra-pure type of silicon with a single lattice framework, making it highly efficient for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic devices. Its homogeneous formation allows for better electron transfer, resulting in higher functionality compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a category of thin film solar system that offers a cost-effective and high-performance alternative for extensive solar energy harvesting. They are recognized for their excellent absorption capability and moderately reduced manufacturing fees in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate solar cells that use a multi-layered material of Cu, In, Ga, and selenium to convert sunlight into electricity effectively. They are recognized for their high light capturing performance, flexibility, and possibility for portable, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a amorphous molecular arrangement, making it more flexible and simpler to apply than structured silicon. It is frequently used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and versatile features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic modules aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are innovative photovoltaic modules that utilize various p-n connections arranged in tandem to collect a wider spectrum of the solar spectrum, greatly enhancing their efficiency. They are mostly applied in space satellites and advanced solar power installations due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft serve as crucial elements that generate solar radiation into electric power to operate onboard instrumentation. They are typically lightweight, long-lasting, and built for efficient operation in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and performance in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV use focusing elements or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto highly efficient multi-band solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This technique is perfect for large capacity solar power plants in regions with sunny sunlight, providing a cost-effective option for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and pliant form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a delicate coating of copper indium gallium selenide as the photovoltaic material, known for excellent energy conversion and adaptability. They offer a lightweight, economical alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with excellent performance in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film denotes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in various technological fields. These coatings are essential in electronic devices, optics, and coverings for their special physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and affordable energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a stratum of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer to a few microns in thickness, often applied to surfaces for functional purposes. These films are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, optics, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are units of measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to illustrate very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are high-precision gauges used to precisely measure minute thicknesses or thicknesses, typically in manufacturing and production. They feature a calibrated screw system that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a narrow, disk-shaped segment of silicon crystal used as the platform for producing semiconductor devices. It functions as the primary material in the manufacture of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are compact solar units famous for their excellent performance and flexibility, making them suitable for various uses. They employ a multilayer semiconductor architecture that transforms sunlight immediately into electrical energy with outstanding effectiveness in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is recognized for being affordable and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sunlight directly into power using PV cells, providing a sustainable energy source for household, business, and utility-scale applications. They offer a environmentally friendly, long-lasting, and affordable way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that turns sunlight into power using a light-sensitive dye to absorb light and generate electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and flexible alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with potential for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the possibility for lower-cost, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photoelectric devices that employ carbon-based compounds, to convert solar radiation into electric power. They are lightweight, flexible, and offer the potential for cost-effective, broad solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising electronic compound used in thin-film solar modules due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its excellent photo-electronic properties make it an appealing option for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of construction components, such as roof surfaces, facades, and glazing. This cutting-edge approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining aesthetic appeal and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material with minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency allows light to scatter through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves applying a thin film to the interior or exterior of automobiles or edifices glazing to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It enhances privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of photovoltaic power stations information various massive solar energy facilities around the world, highlighting their capacities and positions. These facilities serve a vital role in renewable energy production and international efforts to reduce carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are massive installations that turn sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They are essential in sustainable power creation, lessening dependence on coal and oil, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, global warming, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote sustainable practices and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and hydroelectric power. It offers a eco-friendly solution to traditional fuels, decreasing ecological footprint and supporting lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as bituminous coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-replenishable supplies formed over geological eras and are exhausted when used. They are the chief energy sources for power production and mobility but pose ecological and environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and green energy into electricity. This process usually takes place in power plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electricity for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, toxic elements such as Pb, quicksilver, metallic cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness measures how effectively a solar cell transforms sunlight into convertible power. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is crucial for optimizing renewable energy production and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This event provided significant indication for the development of quantum physics by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves exposing products to elevated stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has sped up rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological advancements and cost reductions. This growth is transforming the international energy scene by raising the portion of sustainable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power installations built to generate electricity on a industrial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover extensive areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through device that bends light to bring together or diverge rays, forming images. It is frequently used in devices like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to optical surfaces to reduce glare and improve light transmission. It improves the clarity and brightness of lenses by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes negate each other, leading to a diminution or full disappearance of the combined wave. This event usually happens when the waves are not in phase by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC refers to a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, typically used in electrical distribution networks. The voltage fluctuates following a sine wave throughout its cycle, permitting efficient transmission over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a tiny entity used to convert DC from a individual solar panel into AC suitable for household use. It boosts system efficiency by optimizing energy production at the panel level and eases installation and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC electrical energy, is electricity delivered through a system where the voltage level and electric current periodically reverse orientation, enabling optimized transmission over long distances. It is commonly used in households and factories to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a type of electrical coupling used to supply direct current (DC) power from a energy source to an electronic device. It typically consists of a round plug and jack that provide a secure and dependable attachment for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a international safety certification body that tests and approves products to confirm they adhere to particular safety norms. It supports consumers and firms identify dependable and protected products through strict review and analysis methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electrical circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current. In this setup, the constant electric current passes through all elements, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple paths for current flow. This arrangement allows components to operate independently, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a solid-state device that allows current to pass in a single way exclusively, serving as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12 volt, designed to supply electrical energy for different devices and attachments inside a automobile. It enables users to recharge electronic gadgets or operate small electronics during on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting devices to computing systems, facilitating information exchange and electric power. It backs a variety of hardware such as keypads, pointer devices, external storage, and smartphones, with multiple generations delivering higher speeds and enhanced functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into usable energy. Enhancing this efficiency is crucial for increasing energy generation and making solar power more cost-effective and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing developments in solar, wind, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, ranging from radio signals to gamma radiation, all possessing different wavelengths and energies. This range is crucial to many technologies and natural phenomena, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and comprehension of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X ray radiation, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It serves a crucial role in such as vitamin D synthesis but can also result in skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color palette based on shades of a single hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and connexion. This design approach emphasizes simplicity and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, usually measured in watts per square meter. It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a standard unit used to calculate the magnitude of radiation or power received or emitted over a specific area, frequently in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the dispersion and movement of radiation across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of various colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is often used to illustrate the dispersion of light or signal bandwidths in various scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a substantial mass of air's with relatively consistent thermal and moisture characteristics, originating from certain source areas. These air masses affect climate trends and sky states as they pass through various zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the measure of the energy per unit area received from the Sun in the manner of electromagnetic radiation. It varies with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, influencing climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the accumulation of dirt, and other particles on the exterior of photovoltaic modules, which diminishes their output. Routine maintenance and maintenance are necessary to minimize energy waste and maintain optimal operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when no current is flowing, measured across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the highest electrical current that flows through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, skipping the normal load. It presents a significant safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the highest power output of a solar panel under ideal sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak capacity to produce electricity in standard testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an electronic device used to check the electrical potential between two points in a electrical system. It is frequently utilized in various electrical and electronic applications to ensure proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power generation and performance. It occurs due to leakage current and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a semi-metal element necessary for plant growth and employed in different industrial uses, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits unique chemical traits that render it beneficial in creating robust, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a stable and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using extensive collections of photovoltaic panels to generate renewable electricity. It offers an eco-friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined approach of using land for both solar power production and cultivation, optimizing space and resources. This method enhances crop production while at the same time creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar energy devices able to absorb sunlight on both sides, enhancing overall energy generation. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by taking advantage of albedo reflection and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a structure that provides shade while generating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a collection of several solar modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to produce environmentally friendly, eco-friendly power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a framework that delivers shade and cover from the weather for outdoor living spaces. It improves the practicality and aesthetic appeal of a courtyard, making it a comfortable zone for rest and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference direction, usually true north, to the line connecting an surveyor to a destination. It is frequently used in routing, surveying, and celestial observation to define the direction of an celestial body with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential muscle strains pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic material extensively utilized in thin film solar cells due to its high efficiency and affordability. It demonstrates outstanding optical properties, making it a popular option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies highlights the leading manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are key in driving solar energy implementation and advancement across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 W, used to quantify massive energy output and utilization. It is typically associated with electricity stations, power grids, and significant energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar energy solutions, expert in manufacturing thin film solar cells that provide excellent efficiency and economical energy production. The organization is focused on green energy development and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in effortlessly linking various parts of manufacturing and automation systems to improve efficiency and trustworthiness. It focuses on developing innovative solutions that promote efficient communication and cooperation among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top China's corporation focused on the manufacturing and development of solar photovoltaic items and systems. Famous for state-of-the-art tech and green energy projects within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often utilized to indicate the ability of massively scaled power production or usage. It emphasizes the huge energy magnitude involved in contemporary power framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the unit cost reduces as overall production grows, due to gaining knowledge and efficiencies gained over time. This effect highlights the importance of stored knowledge in reducing costs and boosting output in production and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This method is a pure, green energy source that assists cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of producing solar or wind energy is equivalent to or less than the price of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity signifies that renewable energy technologies are financially comparable with conventional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the main electrical power supplied to homes and companies through a grid of power lines, delivering a reliable source of energy for different appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the nation, and is transmitted through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all elements of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is essential for securing the effective and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is harnessed from the sun's rays using solar cells to convert electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It is a renewable, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly power supply that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in domestic, corporate, and industrial sites to generate renewable, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, delivering renewable energy solutions where conventional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar energy products features a range of gadgets that capture sunlight to produce energy, encouraging environmentally friendly and renewable living. These solutions include ranging from solar power banks and lights to home equipment and outdoor tools, delivering multi-purpose alternatives for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An photovoltaic power station is a installation that generates sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV use lenses or reflectors focusing sunlight on high-performance photovoltaic cells, considerably enhancing energy capture from a compact footprint. This method is highly suitable in areas with direct, strong sunlight plus, it offers a viable solution to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
