| Solar panel | Solar panel are instruments that change sunlight to electricity using solar cells. They are an green and renewable energy source, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a system that captures sunlight to convert heat, generally used for hot water production or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sunlight to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating, space heating, or power generation. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the UK known for its wealthy cultural traditions, iconic landmarks, and vibrant cities like the capital. It boasts a mixed landscape of undulating terrain, ancient castles, and bustling urban centers that blend heritage with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the organic radiance emitted by the sun, crucial for life on Earth as it provides power for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a form of power generated by the flow of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers innumerable devices and infrastructures, enabling contemporary living and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a opposite electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction movement of electric charge, typically produced by batteries, power supplies, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, causing it essential for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and converts it into electric power to operate various electronic gadgets. It comprises several electrochemical cells, each containing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an eco-friendly power solution that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a unit that changes DC created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for household use and grid integration. It plays a crucial role in enhancing energy performance and ensuring safe, dependable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes direction regularly, usually used in domestic and commercial power supplies. It allows for efficient transmission of electricity over long distances and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that manages the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and damage. It provides optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a instrument used to measure the dimension, volume, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like meters, temperature sensors, and pressure gauges that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that automatically the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement during the day, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation improves the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are massive plants that utilize sunlight to produce electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They supply a sustainable and renewable energy source, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves installing photovoltaic panels on building rooftops to produce electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with solar panels that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. This energy is then beamed to Earth for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems store excess power generated from renewable sources or the grid for future use, enhancing energy independence and efficiency. These installations typically utilize batteries to provide backup power, reduce energy costs, and assist grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar panels chronicles the development and advancements in photovoltaic technology from the beginning finding of the photovoltaic effect to contemporary high-efficiency solar panels. It features key breakthroughs, including the invention of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent advances that have significantly boosted power transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French-born physicist renowned for his innovative work in the study of the solar effect and glow. His tests laid the basis for comprehending how radiation interacts with specific materials to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for discovering the photo-conductive property of Se in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free platform used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an American inventor who invented the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work established the basis for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce steam that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work formed the basis of modern solar power technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous research and development entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its essential role in the production of electronic components and solar modules. It is a hard, brittle crystalline substance with a blue-grey sheen, primarily used as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a small unit installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This approach increases system efficiency, facilitates improved performance oversight, and improves power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a unit that turns sunlight immediately into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is frequently used in photovoltaic systems to supply a green and eco-friendly energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that delivers eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a fundamental particle that represents a packet of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It has a key role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the phenomenon by which particular compounds turn sunlight directly into electricity through the creation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the fundamental principle behind solar cell technology, facilitating the harnessing of solar sunlight for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a slim slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where microchips are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its structured, systematic crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a more affordable price. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the mass of building components and fixed equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as people, fixtures, and environmental factors. Both are essential considerations in structural design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components sequentially, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the identical voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current allocation, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification is the speed at which electrical energy is conveyed by an electrical network, primarily for running devices and appliances. Created through diverse origins such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear, and green energy, and crucial for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a measure of energy conversion in the SI system, representing the speed of energy flow or transformation. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic potential difference between two points, which drives the movement of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in V and indicates the power per unit charge ready to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the derived unit of electrical potential, potential difference, and EMF in the SI system. It measures the voltage per coulomb between locations in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electricity through a metal wire, typically measured in amperes. It is essential for powering electronic equipment and facilitating the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the measure of electrical flow in the International System of Units, represented by A. It measures the movement of electric charge through a wire over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the amount of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the design and capacity of power systems to ensure safe and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical enclosure used to protect wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a convenient and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is often used for recharging and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a unit that transforms DC from supplies like batteries or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for household appliances. It permits the application of standard electrical devices in settings where only DC energy is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as an collection of numerous individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically regulate the angle of solar modules to monitor the sun’s path throughout the daytime, maximizing power intake. This technology boosts the efficiency of photovoltaic energy harvesting by ensuring best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to enhance the power output of photovoltaic systems by continuously adjusting the operating point to correspond to the maximum power point of the solar panels. This procedure provides the highest efficiency energy extraction, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually improving the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a device that tracks and evaluates the efficiency of photovoltaic panel systems in instantaneous, providing important data on energy production and system condition. It aids maximize solar energy generation by detecting problems ahead of time and guaranteeing maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, appliances, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of numerous tiny silicon crystal structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and chip fabrication. Its production involves fusing and restructuring silicon to create a high-purity, polycrystalline form suitable for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a high-purity variant of silicon with a single crystal framework, making it very effective for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its consistent formation allows for improved electron transfer, resulting in higher performance compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a kind of thin film solar system that offers a affordable and efficient alternative for extensive solar energy production. They are recognized for their excellent absorption capability and relatively reduced manufacturing expenses in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are thin-film photovoltaic devices that utilize a multi-layered compound of copper, In, Ga, and selenium to turn sunlight into power effectively. They are noted for their great absorption effectiveness, bendability, and possibility for compact, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous molecular arrangement, making it easier to handle and more straightforward to layer than structured silicon. It is commonly used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic components due to its affordability and flexible properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic modules aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and innovative techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are innovative photovoltaic devices that utilize several p-n connections stacked together to collect a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, greatly enhancing their efficiency. They are mainly applied in space satellites and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are vital components that transform solar radiation into electrical energy to power onboard systems. Usually lightweight, long-lasting, and crafted to function effectively in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of several elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metal, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its excellent electron mobility and efficiency in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto highly efficient multi-layer solar cells, significantly increasing energy transformation efficiency. This technique is suitable for large-scale solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, providing a economical solution for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and flexible form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a thin film of CIGS compound as the photovoltaic material, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a portable, cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with great output in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a fine layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in diverse technological uses. These layers are crucial in electronic devices, optics, and coverings for their particular physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a renewable and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of material spanning fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in thickness, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronics, optics, and medicine, to change surface traits or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are high-precision gauges used to accurately measure small distances or widths, generally in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a scaled screw mechanism that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a narrow, ring-shaped piece of silicon crystal used as the platform for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It serves as the primary material in the creation of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact solar modules famous for their excellent performance and flexibility, perfect for various uses. They use a layered semiconductor architecture that turns sunlight immediately into electricity with remarkable efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a form of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic cells, offering a sustainable energy source for home, business, and utility-scale applications. They provide a eco-friendly, sustainable, and economical way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and decrease CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that transforms sunlight into electrical energy using a light-reactive dye to take in light and generate electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and adaptable alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for lower-cost, adaptable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are solar cells that utilize carbon-based compounds, to convert sun's energy into electrical power. They are lightweight, bendable, and provide more affordable, large-area solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a potential photovoltaic substance used in laminate solar cells due to its plentiful and safe elements. Its favorable optoelectronic properties make it an attractive substitute for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of building materials, such as roofing, facades, and fenestration. This modern approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining design elegance and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material with little distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency allows light to diffuse through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves applying a thin film to the inside or outside of cars or structures glazing to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It enhances privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and gives a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of photovoltaic power stations details various large-scale solar energy facilities around the globe, demonstrating their capacities and sites. These stations serve a important role in green energy production and international efforts to lower carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are extensive facilities that convert sunlight straight into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They play a vital role in renewable energy generation, lessening dependence on coal and oil, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of problems such as pollution, climatic shifts, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably sourced, such as solar radiation, breezes, and water. It offers a renewable solution to traditional fuels, minimizing ecological footprint and enhancing long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, oil, and fossil gas, are limited reserves formed over millions of years and are exhausted when used. They are the primary energy sources for electrical energy and transportation but pose environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and green energy into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, poisonous elements such as Pb, mercury, Cd, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency indicates how effectively a solar cell generates sunlight into usable energy. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is crucial for optimizing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metallic surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This phenomenon provided critical proof for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to rapidly assess their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of photovoltaics has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological progress and decreasing costs. This development is transforming the global energy landscape by increasing the portion of clean solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power facilities intended to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover vast areas and utilize PV modules or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a transparent component that bends light to converge or spread out rays, creating images. It is often used in equipment like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to control light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to minimize reflections and improve light transmission. It enhances the sharpness and luminosity of lenses by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes cancel each other out, leading to a diminution or full disappearance of the combined wave. This occurrence typically happens when these waves are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, commonly employed in electrical distribution networks. Its voltage varies in a sinusoidal pattern throughout its cycle, permitting effective conveyance over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a compact entity used to change DC from a individual solar module into AC suitable for household use. It improves system performance by enhancing power output at the module level and simplifies installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a setup where the voltage and electric flow regularly reverse orientation, enabling optimized transmission over extended ranges. It is commonly used in homes and industries to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a type of electrical connector used to deliver direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a tube-shaped plug and jack that guarantee a secure and trustworthy link for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a worldwide protection validation body that tests and certifies products to ensure they adhere to particular security requirements. It supports consumers and firms identify trustworthy and safe products through rigorous evaluation and testing processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical networks in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this arrangement, the identical current passes through all parts, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where elements are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple routes for current flow. This configuration allows units to operate separately, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a electronic device that allows current to move in a single direction exclusively, functioning as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12 volt, intended to deliver electrical power for multiple devices and accessories within a vehicle. It allows users to charge electronic gadgets or use small devices during on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripheral peripherals to computing systems, enabling data transfer and power delivery. It supports a variety of devices such as input devices, mouses, external storage, and mobile phones, with multiple generations delivering increased speeds and upgraded functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into generated energy. Improving this efficiency is crucial for increasing energy output and making solar power more cost-effective and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, spanning from radio signals to high-energy photons, featuring diverse lengths and power. This range is crucial to numerous technological applications and the natural world, enabling data exchange, healthcare imaging, and understanding of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It plays a key role in processes like vitamin D production but can also lead to skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on alterations of a single hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and unity. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and sophistication by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per square meter. It is a crucial parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to measure the magnitude of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a particular surface, often in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the dispersion and movement of power across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of diverse colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is frequently used to describe the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large body of air with fairly uniform temp and moisture properties, coming from from particular source zones. These air masses influence climate trends and sky situations as they move across diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the measure of the energy per square kilometer received from the solar source in the form of solar rays. It varies with solar phenomena and atmospheric factors on Earth, influencing weather patterns and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar energy refers to the accumulation of dust, and foreign matter on the panels of solar panels, which decreases their efficiency. Regular cleaning and maintenance are necessary to minimize energy decrease and ensure optimal performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage available from a power source when there is no current, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the peak electrical current that travels through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, bypassing the normal load. It creates a major safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the highest power generation of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It shows the array's peak ability to produce electricity in standard testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an electrical instrument used to check the voltage between separate points in a electrical system. It is widely employed in various electrical and electronic applications to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in PV modules where high voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion transfer within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a metalloid chemical element crucial for plant development and used in multiple industrial applications, such as glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has distinctive chemical properties that cause it valuable in producing robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a stable and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant captures sunlight using extensive groups of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It supplies an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated method of utilizing land for both solar energy generation and farming, maximizing space and resources. This method enhances crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are photovoltaic devices capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy generation. They are usually installed in a way that allows for increased efficiency by leveraging albedo effect and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a installation that provides cover while creating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a group of several photovoltaic modules designed to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in sustainable power systems to generate clean, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a structure that provides shade and protection from the elements for al fresco areas. It enhances the functionality and look of a patio, making it a pleasant area for relaxation and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of objects in the heavens relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference heading, typically true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a destination. It is often used in routing, mapping, and celestial observation to define the direction of an celestial body in relation to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential bodily injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a electronic substance widely used in thin film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and affordability. It demonstrates superb optical properties, making it a common choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A catalog of photovoltaics companies features the top manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in driving solar energy adoption and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of power equal to one billion W, used to quantify massive energy production and usage. It is commonly associated with generating stations, power grids, and significant power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a international leader in solar PV energy solutions, expert in manufacturing thin film solar cells that deliver high-performance and low-cost power output. The organization is committed to green energy development and reducing the global dependence on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly connecting various components of factory and automated systems to enhance performance and dependability. It focuses on creating innovative solutions that enable efficient communication and interoperability among various technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a leading China's company expert in producing and developing solar-powered solar items and systems. It is known for its advanced technology and green energy projects within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often employed to describe the ability of massively scaled power generation or consumption. It emphasizes the huge power magnitude involved in current energy infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the unit cost reduces as cumulative output grows, due to learning curve and efficiencies obtained over time. This phenomenon highlights the value of accumulated experience in reducing costs and enhancing efficiency in industrial processes and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy transform sunlight straight into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, renewable energy source that aids lessen reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of creating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or lower than the expense of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity means that green energy technologies are cost-effectively comparable with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to homes and companies through a system of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for different appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is supplied through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all elements of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the effective and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity or through solar thermal systems to provide warmth. It represents a sustainable, sustainable, and planet-friendly energy source that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in domestic, business, and manufacturing sites to produce green, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, delivering renewable energy solutions where traditional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar-powered goods features a selection of gadgets that capture sunlight to produce energy, supporting green and renewable living. These products include covering solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor equipment, offering versatile options for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar energy facility is a installation that converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. It is a green energy source that supports lowering reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics use optical lenses and reflectors to focus sunlight onto advanced photovoltaic cells, greatly increasing energy capture using a smaller area. This technology is highly suitable where bright, direct sunlight plus, it offers a viable solution to lowering the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
