| Solar panel | Solar array serve as devices that transform sunlight into using PV cells. They are an green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a system that captures sunlight to produce heat, usually used for hot water production or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or power generation. It is a renewable and sustainable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the UK known for its wealthy cultural heritage, famous sights, and bustling urban areas like the capital. It boasts a varied scenery of rolling hills, old castles, and busy metropolitan areas that mix history with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the organic radiance emitted by the sun, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it provides energy for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a type of power resulting from the flow of electrically charged entities, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives innumerable systems and systems, enabling modern life and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the unidirectional movement of electric charge, typically produced by batteries, power sources, and solar panels. It provides a constant voltage or current, causing it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a device that holds chemical energy and converts it into electric power to run various electronic devices. It consists of several galvanic cells, each housing electrode pairs interposed by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An solar power system converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an green energy option that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a instrument that converts DC produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for home use and utility connection. It is vital for enhancing energy performance and guaranteeing safe, consistent power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that reverses direction periodically, typically used in home and business power supplies. It allows for optimal transmission of electricity over long distances and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that regulates the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and damage. It ensures optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a tool used to ascertain the extent, quantity, or degree of something accurately. It includes tools like rulers, temperature sensors, and barometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This innovation enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge plants that capture sunlight to produce electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They provide a renewable and renewable energy power, decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves installing photovoltaic solar panels on building roofs to create electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated solar energy setup transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar panels that collect sunlight and generate power. This power is then beamed to the planet's surface for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems retain excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the power grid for later use, enhancing energy independence and efficiency. These systems typically utilize batteries to deliver backup power, reduce energy costs, and aid grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels documents the progress and innovations in photovoltaic technology from the initial invention of the photovoltaic effect to current advanced solar panels. It features major breakthroughs, including the development of the original silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous developments that have significantly improved power transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic physicist by profession famous for his pioneering work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescence. His research laid the groundwork for grasping how light interacts with certain substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photo-sensitive device and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source platform used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States inventor who developed the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the foundation for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with finding the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work paved the way for modern solar power technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous research and development entity long-standing associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computing, and materials research. It has been the origin of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its essential role in the manufacturing of electronic components and solar cells. It is a solid, breakable crystalline solid with a steel-gray shine, primarily used as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a little component installed on each solar module to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This approach increases system effectiveness, facilitates improved performance oversight, and increases energy production in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a component that turns sunlight immediately into electricity through the solar energy process. It is commonly used in solar panels to supply a renewable and sustainable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that offers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon is a fundamental particle representing a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum without possessing rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism by which certain materials convert sunlight directly into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the core concept behind solar panel systems, enabling the harnessing of solar sunlight for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a thin slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a reduced expense. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the weight of construction parts and stationary equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, fixtures, and external influences. Both are critical considerations in building planning to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components sequentially, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components between the same voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy represents the rate at which electrical energy flows by an electrical circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Created through diverse origins such as fossil fuels, nuclear, and green energy, and is essential for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a unit of power in the International System of Units, representing the measure of energy transfer or conversion. It is equal to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic potential difference between two points, which drives the movement of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in V and shows the power per single charge accessible to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of voltage, voltage difference, and EMF in the International System of Units. It measures the voltage per coulomb between points in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the movement of electrical charge through a conductor, commonly measured in A. It is essential for powering electronic devices and facilitating the functioning of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp is the unit of electrical flow in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It indicates the flow of electrical charge through a circuit over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by devices and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and capacity of power systems to guarantee safe and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical housing used to safely house wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a simple and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is commonly used for charging and feeding a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a unit that transforms DC from sources like cells or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It permits the operation of regular electrical equipment in environments where only DC energy is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack serves as a collection of several individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically align the position of solar panels to follow the sun’s path throughout the daytime, optimizing solar energy capture. This system boosts the efficiency of solar power gathering by maintaining optimal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to optimize the power generation of photovoltaic systems by continuously adjusting the performance point to match the optimal power point of the solar panels. This procedure ensures the best performance power harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a instrument that observes and evaluates the efficiency of photovoltaic panel systems in real-time, offering valuable data on energy production and system condition. It helps enhance solar energy generation by spotting problems early and ensuring maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are lightweight, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in solar panels to generate electricity for homes, electronic gadgets, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of countless small silicon crystals, typically used in solar panels and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and restructuring silicon to form a ultra-pure, polycrystalline form appropriate for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a high-purity variant of silicon with a uniform lattice structure, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic components. Its consistent formation allows for improved electron flow, resulting in better efficiency compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a type of film solar method that provides a economical and effective option for large-scale solar energy generation. They are their great absorption performance and relatively low manufacturing costs versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are flexible photovoltaic devices that employ a composite compound of copper, indium, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into power effectively. They are recognized for their great absorption efficiency, bendability, and possibility for lightweight, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a disordered atomic arrangement, making it more flexible and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is often used in thin-film solar cells and electronic systems due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are cutting-edge photovoltaic modules that utilize various p-n connections arranged in unison to absorb a broader range of the solar spectrum, substantially increasing their efficiency. These are mainly employed in space satellites and advanced solar power systems due to their superior energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft serve as crucial elements that transform sunlight into electrical energy to supply onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, durable, and crafted to function effectively in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of several elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metal, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor known for its high electron mobility and effectiveness in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use optics or mirrors to direct sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-junction solar cells, significantly increasing energy transformation efficiency. This technology is perfect for large-scale solar power plants in zones with sunny sunlight, offering a cost-effective approach for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and flexible form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a thin film of CuInGaSe2 as the photovoltaic material, known for excellent energy conversion and adaptability. They offer a lightweight, economical alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with great output in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a fine layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in multiple technological fields. These films are important in electronic systems, optics, and coatings for their special physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a sustainable and affordable energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of material covering tiny nanometric scales to multiple micrometers in dimension, often placed on surfaces for purposeful functions. These films are used in multiple sectors, including electronics industry, light manipulation, and healthcare, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement units equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to illustrate minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are high-precision gauges used to precisely measure minute thicknesses or thicknesses, generally in manufacturing and production. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a thin, round section of silicon crystal used as the platform for constructing semiconductor devices. It serves as the foundational material in the fabrication of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are thin-film photovoltaic devices famous for their excellent performance and flexibility, making them suitable for multiple fields. They utilize a stratified semiconductor structure that turns sunlight straight into electrical energy with remarkable efficiency in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is recognized for being economical and having a comparatively high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert solar energy directly into electricity using PV cells, providing a sustainable energy source for residential, business, and large-scale applications. They provide a eco-friendly, sustainable, and economical way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and lower CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that transforms sunlight into electricity using a photosensitive dye to absorb light and produce electron flow. It offers a affordable and flexible alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with potential for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for lower-cost, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photoelectric devices that utilize carbon-based molecules, to transform solar radiation into electric power. They are easy to handle, bendable, and provide lower-cost, extensive solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous electronic substance used in thin-film solar cells due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its excellent optical-electronic properties make it an desirable option for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of architectural elements, such as rooftops, building exteriors, and glazing. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with little distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to spread through, making detailed visibility obscured but yet still permitting shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves placing a transparent film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices windows to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It enhances privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and provides a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of PV power stations overview various massive solar energy facilities around the planet, showcasing their capacities and locations. These facilities play a crucial role in renewable energy production and worldwide efforts to lower carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are large-scale facilities that transform sunlight straight into electricity using solar modules. They play a vital role in clean energy production, lessening dependence on fossil fuels, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of challenges such as waste, climatic shifts, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, breezes, and hydroelectric power. It offers a renewable solution to fossil fuels, reducing environmental impact and enhancing long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are finite resources formed over geological eras and are consumed when used. They are the main power sources for electricity generation and vehicle operation but pose environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electrical power. This process typically occurs in electricity plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electricity for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, harmful elements such as Pb, quicksilver, Cd, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance indicates how well a solar cell generates sunlight into usable electrical power. Boosting this Solar-cell efficiency is key for maximizing renewable energy production and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This event provided significant indication for the development of quantum physics by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves exposing products to elevated stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar energy systems has accelerated rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This development is revolutionizing the international energy scene by increasing the share of sustainable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power plants designed to generate electricity on a industrial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover vast areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a clear device that refracts light to focus or spread out rays, creating images. It is often used in devices like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to optical surfaces to reduce glare and enhance light passage. It improves the sharpness and brightness of screens by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels negate each other, resulting in a reduction or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This event generally happens when these waves are not in phase by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC refers to a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, commonly employed in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes following a sine wave as time progresses, enabling effective conveyance over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a tiny entity used to convert DC from a individual solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use. It improves system efficiency by maximizing energy production at the panel level and streamlines installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC electrical energy, is electrical energy delivered through a setup where the potential difference and electric current cyclically reverse direction, enabling efficient transmission over vast spans. It is generally used in homes and commercial sectors to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a category of electrical plug used to provide DC energy from a power source to an electronic equipment. It typically consists of a tube-shaped plug and jack that guarantee a firm and trustworthy connection for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a global safety certification organization that assesses and approves products to guarantee they meet certain protection norms. It supports consumers and firms identify reliable and protected products through rigorous review and examination methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electrical networks in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this arrangement, the identical electric current passes through all parts, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple channels for current flow. This setup allows units to operate independently, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to pass in one direction exclusively, functioning as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12-volt, created to deliver electrical energy for multiple devices and attachments inside of a car. It enables users to recharge electronic gadgets or use small appliances when on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripherals to computing systems, facilitating data transfer and power delivery. It backs a wide range of devices such as input devices, pointer devices, external storage devices, and cell phones, with different revisions providing higher speeds and improved functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential to maximizing energy output and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It is committed to advancing developments in solar power, wind power, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic waves, ranging from wireless signals to high-energy photons, each with diverse lengths and energies. This range is essential for many technologies and the natural world, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and comprehension of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily emitted by the sun. It serves a crucial role in such as vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on variations of a single hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and accord. This design approach emphasizes clarity and sophistication by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts/m². It is a important parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to measure the magnitude of power or energy flow received or emitted over a defined surface, often in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in understanding the spread and transfer of power across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of different tones or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is frequently used to depict the spread of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big mass of air with fairly consistent thermal and dampness properties, deriving from from particular starting zones. These air masses impact weather systems and sky states as they pass through diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the measure of the power per square kilometer received from the Sun in the type of light. It fluctuates with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, influencing weather patterns and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in photovoltaic systems refers to the accumulation of dirt, and foreign matter on the panels of photovoltaic modules, which reduces their performance. Regular cleaning and maintenance are essential to limit energy loss and maintain best performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when no current is flowing, taken across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the peak electrical current that travels through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, skipping the normal load. It creates a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a indicator of the highest power capacity of a solar panel under ideal sunlight conditions. It reflects the panel's peak capacity to create electricity in standard testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to check the electrical potential between two points in a circuit. It is frequently utilized in numerous electrical and electronic setups to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in solar modules where elevated voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion migration within the solar cell components, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi-metal element essential for plant development and applied in various industrial uses, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses special chemical properties that render it useful in manufacturing durable, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a solid and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant collects sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It supplies an eco-friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined approach of employing land for both solar energy output and agriculture, optimizing space and resources. This approach enhances crop production while concurrently producing renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar energy devices capable of capturing sunlight using both surfaces, boosting overall energy output. They are usually installed in a way that enhances performance by taking advantage of albedo reflection and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a installation that provides shelter while generating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a group of several solar modules configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to generate clean, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that offers shade and protection from the conditions for outdoor living spaces. It improves the functionality and visual charm of a terrace, making it a pleasant area for rest and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference heading, typically true north, to the line linking an viewer to a target object. It is frequently used in navigation, surveying, and astrophysics to define the orientation of an object with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic material extensively utilized in thin-film solar panels due to its excellent performance and cost efficiency. It exhibits superb optical properties, making it a preferred choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An list of photovoltaics companies showcases the top manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy implementation and innovation across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of electricity equal to one billion watts, used to measure large-scale electricity output and usage. It is generally associated with generating stations, electricity networks, and major energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar energy solutions, expert in producing thin film-based solar panels that deliver high efficiency and affordable power output. The firm is dedicated to green renewable energy advancement and reducing the global dependence on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in seamlessly linking various parts of industrial and automation systems to boost efficiency and dependability. It concentrates on creating innovative solutions that enable efficient communication and cooperation among various tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an prominent Chinese company expert in the manufacturing and development of solar solar products and solutions. Renowned for its advanced technology and green energy projects within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often employed to represent the ability of massively scaled power production or usage. It highlights the immense power scale involved in current energy infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the effect where the cost per unit of production drops as cumulative output rises, due to learning curve and efficiencies achieved over time. This phenomenon highlights the significance of stored knowledge in lowering costs and boosting output in industrial processes and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, sustainable energy source that helps cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of producing solar or wind energy becomes equal to or less than the cost of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity means that green energy technologies are economically competitive with fossil fuel-based fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the primary electrical power supplied to homes and businesses through a network of power lines, providing a consistent source of energy for different appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the region, and is supplied through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all components of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is crucial for securing the effective and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the solar radiation using PV panels to generate electricity or through solar thermal systems to provide warmth. It represents a green, renewable, and eco-conscious power supply that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, business, and industrial settings to generate green, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, delivering sustainable energy solutions where conventional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of sun-powered items features a range of gadgets that utilize sunlight to generate energy, encouraging eco-friendly and eco-conscious living. These solutions include everything from solar energy units and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, delivering versatile options for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar energy facility is a plant that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a green energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize lenses plus reflectors to focus solar radiation onto high-performance photovoltaic cells, significantly enhancing energy capture from a compact footprint. This approach is highly suitable in areas with direct, strong sunlight plus, it offers an innovative way to reducing solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
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